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ISSN : 1225-8504(Print)
ISSN : 2287-8165(Online)
Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture Vol.37 No.1 pp.27-34
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2025.37.1.27

Modernizing Maize Cultivation: Implementing Advanced Production Technologies for Maximum Biomass of Fodder Maize (Zea mays. L)

Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani*, Fahad Karim Awan*, Muhammad Sheraz*, Gyoungrae Cho**†, Seo-Won Lee**, Yu Jin Lee**
*Fodder and Forage Program, CSI, NARC, Chak Shehzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
**KOPIA, Islamabad, Pakistan
† Corresponding author (Phone) +82)10-5153-0709 (E-mail) cgyoung61@gmail.com
October 17, 2024 March 11, 2025 March 12, 2025

Abstract


Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the major sources of green fodder for livestock in Pakistan. Crop management plays a key role in obtaining high yields for green fodder. Fertilizer application, seed rate, and row spacing are critical components of crop management, which can significantly affect crop biomass. To determine the best production technology, a two-year (2021-2023) study was conducted at the research area of National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, green fodder yield per acre, and green fodder yield per hectare were recorded. Various row spacing (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm), fertilizer ratio (N: P = 55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60), and seed rates (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac) were applied. Results obtained experiments revealed that in both growing seasons, the maximum green fodder yield was obtained when fertilizer N: P ratio was 75:50 (green fodder biomass: 74.61 t/ha and 72.56 t/ha). Similarly, the optimal seed rate was found to be 40 kg/ac, which resulted in the highest green fodder yield (73.41 t/ha and 72.88 t/ha in two seasons). Furthermore, the plant of maize at row spacing of 30 cm was found to generate the maximum green fodder yield (72.39 t/ha and 72.40 t/ha, respectively). Green fodder yield per hectare was found to be positively correlated with plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. These findings underscore the significance of applying a fertilizer ratio of N: P = 75:50, a seed rate 40 kg/ac, and a row spacing of 45 cm for higher yields of green fodder in maize crop.


Maize , fertilizer , nitrogen , phosphorus , seed rate , row spacing

옥수수 재배 현대화: 사료용 옥수수(Zea mays. L)의 최대 바이오매스를 위한 첨단 생산 기술 구현

줄피카르 알리 구루마이*, 파하드 카림 아완*, 무함마드 세라즈*, 조경래**†, 이서원**, 이유진**
*사료작물 프로그램, 작물과학연구소, 국립농업기술원, 챠크 샤자드, 이슬라마바드, 파키스탄
**KOPIA, 이슬라마바드, 파키스탄

초록

    INTRODUCTION

    Fodder Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the most important crops which have wider adaptability to varied agro-climatic conditions of Pakistan. Maize is a highly nutritious feed for livestock. Maize is grown for forage (whole-plant silage and corn cob mix), food and energy generation (Anders et al., 2020). Maize is considered ideal forage because it grows fast, produces high yields, is palatable, nutritious, and helps to increase body weight and milk quality in cattle (Chaudhary et al., 2013).

    Seed rate, row spacing and amount of fertilization are the most important determinants of maize crop yield. Row spacing, seed rate and fertilizer dose contribute to plant growth and increase green fodder yield (Anders et al., 2020). Nitrogen plays an important role in crop life and is one of the most important nutrients needed by plants in large quantities. Phosphorus is crucial for maize growth as it supports energy transfer, photosynthesis, and cellular processes (Gurmu, 2023). Besides plant nutrients, plant spacing significantly affects the crop yield as maize does not have tillering capacity to adjust to variation in plant stand (Golla et al., 2020). To improve the growth and yield of maize crops, the application of organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure (FYM) in combination with appropriate doses of chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is recommended.

    By the year 2050, the demand for dry feed and green fodder is projected to be 631 and 1,012 million tons, respectively (Dhamodharan et al., 2024) (reference). Considering the current rate of forage supply expansion, there will be a shortfall of 13.2% in dry fodder and 18.4% in green fodder by 2050. To bridge this gap, the production of green fodder needs to increase at a rate of 1.69% annually (Saikanth et al., 2023). The popularity of maize has also been growing steadily in Pakistan in recent years. In Pakistan, it is the third most important cereal grain crop after wheat and rice and is used as a staple food for humans, as feed for livestock and as raw material for industry (Arif et al., 2010). Maize fodder is of significant importance in Pakistan’s agriculture and livestock sectors. Corn is one of the most important fodder crops which is widely planted in Pakistan. The popularity of maize has also been growing steadily in Pakistan in recent years.

    Good balance of carbohydrates, protein, and energy in maize makes it suitable for various animals, including cattle and poultry. Maize contains essential nutrients such as starch, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which are essential for animal growth and production.

    Keeping in view the importance of pant density, fertilizers and seed rate, the present study will find out optimum plant population and appropriate level of nitrogen and phosphorous for obtaining higher yield of maize. It is essential to know the best level of fertilizer application for getting a higher crop yield so that maximum benefits could be achieved.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    1. Experimental Layout

    This experiment was conducted in the research area of the National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad during the seasons 2021-22 and 2022-23. Variety Afgoi of maize crop was used in the experiment with different treatments of Fertilizer dose, Row spacing and seed rate using split-split plot design. The plot size was 1.2m into 6m.

    2. Treatment Details

    Detail of treatments fertilizer, seed rate and row spacing is given below:

    i) Seed rate:

    Four treatments of maize seed rates a) 30 kg/ac, b) 35 kg/ac, c) 40 kg/ac and d) 45 kg/ac were applied following three replications of each treatment during the both growing seasons.

    ii) Fertilizer:

    Four treatments of fertilizer dose a) N: P = 55:30, b) N: P = 65:40, c) N: P = 75:50 and d) N: P = 85:60 was applied following three replications of each treatments.

    iii) Row x Row Spacing:

    Four treatments of row x row distance i.e., a) 15cm, b) 30cm, c) 45cm and d) 60cm were used following three replications of each treatment.

    3. Data Collection

    Near to maturity, crop data was recorded for four morphological traits. Randomly five plants were selected from each treatment and the data of the following parameters was recorded and average was calculated.

    4. Data Analysis (ANOVA)

    The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) following a generalized linear model was performed using Statistix 8.1. (company name, location). Data was statistically evaluated using Fisher’s least significant different (LSD) test @ 5% probability level.

    5. Correlation studies

    Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to analyze the level and degree of association among the studied traits by using Statistix 8.1.

    RESULTS

    1. Impacts of Seed rate, fertilizer dose and row spacing on Maize crop

    The research was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing, seed rate and fertilizer dose on green fodder yield of maize crop for fodder purpose. Data of four parameters plant height, leaf area, no of leaves and green fodder yield per hectare were recorded. Split plot design ANOVA was applied to study the effects of the treatments. Results of analysis of variance are given in Table 2. Means of the recorded parameters are given in the Table 1. Different treatments of fertilizer seed and plant density posses’ significant effects on green fodder yield and other traits in both growing seasons.

    2. Fertilizers effect for season 2022-23:

    Four different fertilizers doses were applied to crop in both seasons 22021-22 and 2022-23. Fertilizer effects significantly green fodder yield and other plant attributes in both growing seasons. Fertilizer NPK dose (75-50-00) produces the maximum green fodder yield per acre and per hectare (74.62 tons and 72.56 tons) respectively. Other yield contributing traits performed best at the same fertilizer dose. Maximum plant height (229.72 and 200.07), while minimum plant height (198.34 cm and 179.3 cm) was recorded at with NPK dose (50-30-00). No of leaves contribute directly in green biomass. Maximum no of leaves was recorded with NPK dose (75-50-00) i.e. (10.78 and 12.67) while minimum no of leaves (9.45) were recorded with NPK dose (50-30-00). Leaf area is a major attribute of leaf. Maximum leaf area was recorded at NPK dose (75-50-00) i.e. (604.6 cm2 and 603.47 cm2) while minimum leaf area was recorded with fertilizer dose (85-60-00) i.e. (597.74 cm2 and 599.2 cm2)

    3. Seed rate effects for season 2022-23:

    Four different seed rate treatments applied in both growing seasons. Seed rate treatments significantly effect the green fodder yield in both growing seasons as shown in Figure 1 (a & b). Maximum green fodder yield per hectare was recorded with seed rate of 40kg/ acre i.e. 72.56 tons/ha and 73.42 tons/ha in both the growing seasons. Other green biomass contributing traits such as plant height, leaf area and no of leaves showed highest values at same seed rate.i.e. maximum number of leaves (10.36 and 11.96) and plant height (184.83 cm and 234.34 cm) was recorded and maximum values for leaf area was recorded (602.93 cm2 and 604.7 cm2).

    4. Row spacing effects for season 2022-23:

    Row spacing is an important aspect during the sowing of crop plants. Four treatments (15cm, 30cm, 45cm and 60cm) of row spacing was used in this study. Results showed that 3rd treatment (45cm) of row spacing proved best for green fodder yield and other green biomass contributing traits during the both growing seasons (2022-23) as shown in Figure 2 (a & b). Because the highest values for all traits were recorded at row spacing of 45cm. Highest plant height that was recorded is 233.11 cm and 184 cm. Highest amounts of green fodder yield per acre and hectare was recorded (40.64 tons and 71.44) in season 2022 and in 2023 growing season these values were (39.87 and 72.41). Maximum leaf area was also recorded at 3rd treatment that was 603.47 and 601.67.

    5. Correlation:

    Correlation refers to the statistical relationship between two or more variables associated with crop growth, development, or yield. Results shown in Table 3 revealed that plant height green fodder yield per hectare is positively correlated with plant height, no of leaves, leaf area and green fodder yield per acre. A significant correlation is found between green fodder yield per hectare and leaf are while it shown on significant correlation with all other recorded traits. Green fodder yield per acre is also positively correlated with plant height, no of leaves and leaf area. A significant correlation was found among green fodder yield per acre and leaf are while correlation with other recorded traits was non-significant. The positive and highly significant correlation of leaf area was observed with no of leaves while positive and non-significant correlation was observed with plant height. A highly significant and negative correlation was observed between no of leaves and plant height.

    DISCUSSION

    Fertilizers are essential for green fodder yield as they provide necessary nutrients like nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium that support plant growth. These nutrients aid in enhancing photo synthesis, promoting healthy plant development, and increasing the overall yield of green fodder, which is crucial for livestock feed, ensuring better nutrition and health for animals. Maize production and productivity are highly influenced by fertilizers application. Fertilizer plays a vital role in producing the higher yields of green fodder. Fertilizers provide essential nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) that are necessary for the plant growth. Among several nutrients’ nitrogen is the major nutrient which directly constitute in higher yields of green biomass (Gözübenli, 2010). During this experiment four different fertilizers treatments were used but the 3rd treatment at N: P = 75:50 was proved best and both green fodder yield per ha and per acre as shown in Figure 3 (a & b). During both growing seasons other green fodder yield and its contributing factors like plant height, leaf area and no of leaves perform their best at the same fertilizer level as shown in figure 1a and 1b. The end results of (Jeet et al., 2012) are in line with our results. It is reported that Nitrogen is directly involved in the metabolism of crop plants and essential for achieving the optimal leaf area. The end result is in line with (Jeet et al., 2012) who reported that N is closely involved in the metabolism of plants, which is essential for achieving optimal leaf area, the main indicator of the size of the assimilation system in maize. Application of phosphorus is directly involved in better root system development which effects the growth parameters due to better uptake of nutrients (Masood et al., 2011). Plant height increased as we increased the fertilizer dose to N: P = 75:50. Further increase in fertilizer dose showed decrease in plant height. Higher amounts of nitrogen cause the rapid cell division which causes increase in plant height (Gull et al., 2015).

    The seed rate refers to the amount of seed planted per unit area significantly impact green fodder yield. The appropriate seed rate ensures proper plant density affecting the factors like competition among plants growth and overall yield. An optimal seed rate supports better ground coverage leading to healthier plants increased biomass and ultimately higher green fodder production. Adjusting the seed rate to suit specific crop varieties and environmental conditions is crucial for maximizing fodder yield. Corn yield typically exhibits a quadratic response to plant density (Ramezani et al., 2011). Results showed that 3rd treatment of seed rate 40 kg/ac proved the best performing due to higher increase in growth parameters. Increase in the seed rate results in the increase in green fodder yield. Third treatment proved best for green fodder yield per acre and hectare. Higher seed rates increase the plant density which ultimately increases the green fodder yield. Our results are aline with the results of (Ahmed et al., 2001). Similar results were reported by Ayub et al. (1999). Further increase in seed rate decreased the green fodder yield because by increasing seed rate increases plant density which increases the chances of stem lodging (Arif et al., 2010). The leaf area of any crop is directly linked to the overall yield. More leaf area more will be photosynthesis activity which results in more production food by plants. Leaf area is an important parameter of green fodder yield and influenced by agronomic practices and the results of (Maqsood et al., 2012) are similar to our results. Plant height is directly interconnected with the fodder yield and plant is directly affected by the seed rates (Aslam et al., 2011).

    Row spacing is crucial for green fodder yield as it directly impacts plant growth density and overall productivity. Optimal row spacing allows for efficient use of resources like sun light (Bernhard and Below, 2020;Jenny et al., 2024), water and nutrients, affecting the plants access to these resources. Proper spacing enables proper light penetration, reducing competition among plants, promoting better growth and allowing for easier cultivation and harvesting. A planned row spacing strategy can significantly impact the overall yield of green fodder by ensuring healthier and more robust crop growth. Maximum leaf area was shown at 3rd treatment. Our results are aline with Getaneh et al. (2016) and Sangoi et al. (1998). Plant height is an important trait and also the determinant of crop yield (Anjorin et al., 2014). In both seasons higher plant height was shown by 3rd treatment. Our findings are aline with (Sener et al., 2004). The 3rd treatment proved better in both growing seasons and maximum plant height was observed. Higher amounts of green fodder yield were observed in 3rd treatment (45cm) as compared to other treatments (Chen et al., 2008) reported similar results.

    CONCLUSION

    This study highlighted extensive phenotypic variability in key maize traits. The fertilizer dose NPK (75-50-00) produced the highest green fodder yield of 74.62 tons/acre and 72.56 tons/hectare. A seed rate of 40 kg/acre also yielded maximum fodder at 72.56 and 73.42 tons/hectare across two growing seasons. Row spacing of 45 cm (3rd treatment) proved optimal for green fodder yield and related biomass traits. Additionally, green fodder yield per hectare showed positive associations with all recorded traits, including a significant correlation with leaf area. The factors contributing to the highest green fodder yield can be adopted by farmers to fulfill the livestock requirements for green fodder.

    적 요

    옥수수는 파키스탄의 가축용 사료의 주요 공급원 중 하나입 니다. 작물 관리는 녹비사료의 수확량을 높이는 데 중요한 역 할을 합니다. 비료 적용, 파종률 및 재식거리는 작물 바이오매 스에 큰 영향을 미치는 작물 관리의 중요한 구성 요소입니다. 최대 수확량을 얻기 위한 조건을 찾기 위해 2년간 (2021∼2023) 이슬라마바드 국립농업연구소에서 연구를 진행하였습니다. 식 물 높이, 잎 수, 잎 면적, 녹색 사료 생산량/acre 와 녹비 생산량 /ha에 대한 데이터를 확보했습니다. 재식거리의 4가지 다양한 처리 a) 15cm, b) 30cm, c) 45cm, d) 60cm, 비료량 a) N: P = 55:30, b) N: P = 65:40, c) N: P = 75:50, d) N: P = 85:60와 파 종량 a) 30kg/ac, b) 35kg/ac, c) 40kg/ac, d) 45kg/ac가 적용되었 습니다. 실험에서 얻은 결과는 두 시즌 모두 N:P 비료를 75:50 으로 적용하여 최대 녹비 생산량을 얻었음을 보여주었습니다.

    • 1) 녹비 바이오매스는 74.61 t/ha 와 72.56 t/ha였습니다.

    • 2) 40kg/acre의 최적 파종률은 두 계절 모두 최대 73.41t/ha 와 72.88t/ha녹비 수확량을 생성하는 것으로 확인되었습니다.

    • 3) 재식거리30cm의 옥수수 식물은 최대 녹비 생산량, 즉 72.39 t/ha와 72.40 t/ha를 생성하는 것으로 나타났습니다.

    • 4) 헥타르당 녹비 수확량은 식물 높이, 잎 수 및 잎 면적과 양의 상관 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났습니다.

    이러한 결과는 옥수수 작물에서 비료 투여량 N: P = 75:50, 파종률 40kg/acre와 재식거리45cm은 더 높은 녹비 수확량을 얻 을 수 있는 조건임을 확인할 수 있습니다.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    This s tudy w as f unded by t he K OPIA P roject ( 2 02 4- PAK-02, Development of Italian Ryegrass variety and expansion of new oat variety to establish village base seed enterprise through Farmer’s Participatory Approach in Pakistan) of the Rural Development Administration and carried out by the KOPIA Pakistan Center, in association with its counterpart organization, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC).

    Figure

    JKSIA-37-1-27_F1.gif

    Effects of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Row Spacing on Green fodder yield (t/ha) of maize crop during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-27_F2.gif

    Effects of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Row Spacing on plant height of maize crop during 2021-22 & 2022-23 seasons.

    JKSIA-37-1-27_F3.gif

    Effects of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Row Spacing on number of leaves of maize crop during 2021-22 & 2022-23 seasons.

    JKSIA-37-1-27_F4.gif

    Effects of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Row Spacing on leaf area of maize crop during 2021-22 & 2022-23 seasons.

    Table

    Morphological Characters mean during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons.

    Ph: Plant height (cm), NOL: No of leaves, LA: Leaf Area (cm2), and GFY/ha (tons/ha): Green fodder yield per hectare.

    Analysis of Variance (Split plot design) resul ts for f ive morphological characteristics of maize for 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    SOV: Source of variation; DF: degree of freedom; GFY/ha: green fodder yield per hectare; NOL: No of leaves; PH: plant height (cm); LA: Leaf area (cm<sup>2</sup>); ns: non- significant

    Results of correlation (Pearson) analysis (GFY/ha: green fodder yield per hectare).

    *NOL: No of leaves; PH: plant height (cm); LA: Leaf area (cm2); GFY t/ha: Green fodder yield per hactare

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