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ISSN : 1225-8504(Print)
ISSN : 2287-8165(Online)
Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture Vol.37 No.1 pp.1-11
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2025.37.1.1

Modernizing Oat Cultivation: Implementing Advanced Production Technologies for Maximum Biomass of Fodder Oat (Avena Sativa L.)

Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani*, Fahad Karim Awan*, Danish Ibrar*, Gyoungrae Cho**†, Seo-Won Lee**, Yu Jin Lee**
*Fodder and Forage Program, CSI, NARC, Chak Shehzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
**KOPIA, Islamabad, Pakistan
† Corresponding author (Phone) +82)10-5153-0709 (E-mail) cgyoung61@gmail.com
October 17, 2024 January 23, 2025 January 31, 2025

Abstract


Production technology trials for PARC’s new fodder oat cultivar (PARC-Oat) were conducted at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) under rain-fed conditions in Islamabad from 2021 to 2023. The effects of different fertilizer doses, planting densities (seed rates), and inter-row spacing on green fodder yield were studied. The experiment comprised four fertilizer doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P) (55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60 kg/ha), four seed rate densities (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac), and four inter-row spacings (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm). Results based o n k ey p arameters a ffecting t he y ield of PARC-O at—namely plant height (cm), leaf area (cm²), leaves per tiller, number of tillers per plant, and green fodder yield (t/ha)—indicated that the maximum yield of 72.74 t/ha was observed with the fertilizer dose of 75:50 kg/ha (N:P). Similarly, a seed rate of 40 kg/ha produced optimal planting densities, resulting in the highest green fodder yield of 72.85 t/ha, while an inter-row spacing of 30 cm yielded the maximum green fodder yield of 74.30 t/ha. These results suggest that to achieve maximum green fodder biomass of oats, best management practices should include the application of a fertilizer dose of 75:50 (N:P), a seed rate of 40 kg/ha, and an inter-row spacing of 30 cm.


Oat , Crop management , Production technology , Fertilizer doses , Seed rate , Inter-row spacing

귀리 재배 현대화: 사료용 귀리(Avena Sativa L.)의 최대 바이오매스를 위한 생산 기술 현대화 구현

줄피카르 알리 구루마이*, 파하드 카림 아완*, 데니쉬 이브라르*, 조경래**†, 이서원**, 이유진**
*사료작물 프로그램, 작물과학연구소, 국립농업기술원, 챠크 샤자드, 이슬라마바드, 파키스탄
**KOPIA, 이슬라마바드, 파키스탄

초록

    INTRODUCTION

    Fodder oat is getting popularity in Pakistan in recent years due to its availability during fodder lean period in winters. In many of the tropical regions of the world, insufficient supply of feed to the animals remains a major obstacle in boosting livestock production (Negash et al., 2017). Major reason for this, is the over dependence on natural rangelands and poor forage producing cultivars (Abate and Wegi, 2014). It is known fact that more than fifty percent of local animals remains underfed, which is the main reason of low productivity. Cultivation of high yielding nutritious fodder crops is the ultimate solution to the problem of low productivity of animals in Pakistan (Negash et al., 2017). Oat (Avena sativa L.) is being cultivated in both irrigated and rainfed regions of Pakistan (Niazi, 2021). Oat plant is the most suitable crop to be included in existing cropping system of Pakistan and overcome low productivity issues of livestock. This crop plant is highly succulent, palatable and nutritious, along with wider adaptability, late maturing and resistant to various abiotic stresses such as drought and severe cold are the factors making it most suitable Rabi fodder (Niazi et al., 2020). Oats usage versatility also makes it an excellent choice for fodder production, as it can be grown for grain purposes, direct grazing or can be fermented to use silage or otherwise dried as hay (Muta et al., 2015). Due to its speedy recovery after grazing, this specie is highly useful for incapacitating animal feed shortages periods, or for finishing animals for market when permanent pastures are of poor grazing quality (Irfan et al., 2016).

    Maximum yield potential and quality of oat is highly dependent on seeding density, row spacing and fertilizer requirements (Gorash et al., 2017). Higher fodder yield with fertilizer application is due to their favorable effects on plant water relations, light absorption, crop density, plant height, leaf area and nutrient utilizations (Aravind, 2011). In various studies it has been reported, that fertilizer application has much greater impact on the oat biomass improvement, than the seed rate and plant spacing (Huza et al., 2016;Huza et al., 2017;Gao et al., 2019). Increase in green biomass index of oat after fertilizer application is similar as reported in other cereal crops (Tomple and Hwan, 2018;Hausherr et al., 2018). Optimum plant population is directly related to the seed rate. Low and high plant population from a certain extent could lead to a reduction in quantity and quality of forage crops including oat, hence, seed rate must be optimized for production of higher oat green fodder yield (Kanwal et al., 2022). In ad dition to fertilizer and seed rate, it has been observed that proper inter row plant spacing is also a crucial factor for obtaining better yield, as it promotes the plant structures and photosynthetic ability (Fahad et al., 2021;An et al., 2022). Inter-row spacing among plants directly influenced plants ability to absorb light, wind movement, moisture availability, and all of these factors impacted plant height, plant architecture, maturity duration and yield (khan et al., 2019). Due to pronounced effect of fertilizer, seed rate and row spacing on plant yield, this study was designed to optimize rate of fertilizer application, seed rate and row spacing for obtaining maximum oat fodder yield. It was hypothesized that increasing phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizer will increase the green fodder yield significantly, and similarly, optimum seed rate and inter-row spacing will also contribute positively to fodder yield. The results obtained will help to optimize the production technology of oats for green fodder in agro-climatic region of potohar and near-by surrounding areas that are deficient in quality green fodder yield for their livestock animals.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    1. Experimental layout

    Experiments for optimizing the production technology in oat was conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in open field conditions. Trials were conducted in the field area of National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad (Lat: 33.4°N, Long: 73.8°E). Mean daily temperature and rainfall was recorded and presented in Fig. 1a and 1b.

    Experiment was comprised on oat variety (PARC-OAT), provided with four treatments of each seed rate, fertilizer (NPK) and row spacing were laid out following a split-plot design.

    2. Treatment Details

    Treatments used for seed rate, fertilizer and row spacing are as under:

    i) Seed rate:

    Four treatments of oat seed rates i.e., a) 30 kg/ac, b) 35 kg/ac, c) 40 kg/ac and d) 45 kg/ac were applied following three replications of each treatment during the tow growing seasons.

    ii) Fertilizer:

    Four treatments of fertilizer doses i.e., a) N:P = 55:30, b) N:P = 65:40, c) N:P = 75:50 and d) N:P = 85:60 were applied following three replications of each treatment in both growing seasons i.e., 2020-21 & 2021-22.

    iii) Row x Row Spacing:

    4 treatments of row x row distance i.e., a) 15cm, b) 30cm, c) 45cm and d) 60cm were used following three replications of each treatment in both growing seasons.

    3. Data Collection

    At physiological maturity ten plants were randomly selected from each treatment and data for five morphological attributes, i.e., plant height (cm), tillers per plant, number of leaves per tiller, leaf area (cm2) and green fodder yield (t/ha) were collected and average values were computed.

    4. Data Analysis

    a. ANOVA

    The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) following a generalized linear model was performed using R-Studio (ver. 2023.09.0). Data was statistically evaluated using Fisher’s least significant different (LSD) test @ 5% probability level.

    b. Box-Plots

    Box-plots were done to show the differences in application of fertilizer, row spacing and seed rates.

    RESULTS

    1. Impact of row spacing, fertilizer doses, seed rates and their interaction on Oat

    Mean values for seed rate, fertilizer doses and row spacing and their subsequent 4 treatments is presented at Table 1. Row spacing, fertilizer doses, seed rates and their interactions were studied using split-plot ANOVA and their means square values during two growing seasons are presented in Table 2. Number of tillers per plant exhibited a highly significant (P > 0.01) relationship for both growing seasons, i.e., 2022 and 2023, while a significant (P > 0.05) relationship was observed for plant height in both years between seed rates, fertilizer doses and row spacing factors. Effect of all these three production technology factors were found to be significant for green fodder yield in 2022 only.

    Different treatment of seed rates, fertilizer doses and row spacing poses a highly significant (P > 0.01) effect on green fodder yield in both growing seasons. A highly significant effect of various treatments was recorded for plant height (2023) and number of leaves per tiller (2022). Interaction effect of seed rates, fertilizer doses and row spacing and their various treatments were found to be significant for green fodder yield in both 2022 and 2023. While interaction effect for plant height, number of leaves per tillers and number of tillers per plant were found to be significant only in 2022 growing season. Significant difference of year wise data may be a result of significant difference in rainfall during the experimental study.

    2. Fertilizer effects 2022 & 2023:

    During 2022 and 2023 growing seasons, fertilizer applications significantly affected the green fodder yield and contributing plant characteristics (Fig. 2). Treatment dose 3 (N:P:K = 75:50:00) proved to be the best fertilizer dose for the oats by recording a green fodder yield of 55.63 t/ha and 72.74 t/ha. Likewise, maximum values for other yield contributing traits such as; tillers per plant (18.20 and 19.34) (Fig. 3), plant height (127.33 cm and 129.39 cm) (Fig. 4), leaf area (97.27 cm2; 107.53 cm2) (Fig. 5) and number of leaves per tiller (5.73 & 5.83) (Fig. 6) were recorded at the same fertilizer dose T3 of 75:50:00 NPK kg/ha. Lowest values for green fodder yield and other yield contributing traits were recorded at NPK of 55:30:00, which further increases on increasing the fertilizer dose to 65:40 (NP kg/ha), However for maximum fertilizer dose of 85:60:00 (NPK kg/ha) showed again a decline in green biomass index of the oats crops, indicating that optimum dosage of fertilizer to the plant are necessary for obtaining the maximum plant green biomass yield.

    Seed rate:

    Seed rate directly corresponds to plant density, and it directly effects the overall biomass production of plants. Four treatments of seed rate applied in the present study, and results revealed that, seed rate @ 40 kg/ha recorded that highest green fodder yield (45.31 & 72.85 t/ha) during both growing seasons, i.e., 2022 & 2023. Same seed rate treatment of 40 kg/ha also corresponds to maximum green fodder yield contributing traits like plant height (128.2 cm &136.19 cm) and leaf area (82.84 cm2 &109.64 cm2). However, for other green biomass contributing traits i.e., number of tillers per plant and number of leaves per tillers were found to be maximum @ seed rate of 30kg/ha (2022) and 35 kg/ha (2023).

    Inter-row spacing:

    Results pertaining to inter row spacing during 2022 and 2023 of oats showed that out of four different row spacing treatments. trial planted at row spacing of 30 cm recorded highest green fodder yield and other green biomass contributing traits. Highest green fodder yield of 49.65 t/ha & 74.30 t/ha (2022 & 2023) was observed when plants were planted on rows 30 cm apart, while maximum tillers per plant (16.27 &16.40), plant height (131.13 cm &136.48 cm), leaf area (8.78 cm2 &109.43 cm2) and number of leaves per tiller of 6.32 during 2023 were observed at 30 cm row spacing. However, effect of different row spacings on tillers per plant, plant height, leaf area and number of leaves per tillers are not significant. These results suggest that inter row spacing of 30 cm between oat plants are effective in obtaining the maximum green fodder yield by providing optimum space to each plant.

    INTERACTION STUDIES

    1. Interaction between fertilizer doses and seed rate for green fodder yield

    Effect of different fertilizer doses and seed rates on green fodder yield of oats are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Green fodder yield of oats varied significantly for the interactive effect of seed rate and different fertilizer dose applications. Highest green fodder yield of 50.47 t/ha and 72.80 t/ha were recorded during 2022 and 2023 respectively, at seed rate of 40 kg/ha and fertilizer dose of 75:50:00 NPK kg/ha. Interactive effect of fertilizer application and row spacing depicted that fertilizer dose of 75:50:00 NPK correlates best at 30 cm inter-row spacing, yielding highest green fodder of 52.64 t/ha (2022) and 73.52 t/ha (2023) in oats (Table 3 and Table 4). While minimum green fodder yield during both growing season of 47.43 t/ha and 64.57 t/ha were observed at row spacing of 15 cm and fertilizer dose of 55:30:00 NPK kg/ha. The interactive influence of seed rate and fertilizer application doses, effects significantly green fodder yield. Best interaction for production of maximum green fodder during both growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 among seed rate and inter row spacing was observed at seed rate of 40 kg/ha when rows are placed 30 cm apart, yielding green fodder of 47.48 t/ha and 73.57 t/ha.

    DISCUSSION

    Different experiments have been conducted on seed rate (Yan et al., 2023), row spacing (Bednarz et al., 2007;Hafeez et al., 2018;Ibrahim et al., 2022) and fertilizer treatment (Zaman et al., 2021;Zhi et al., 2022) effects in terms of plant biomass and green fodder yield in crop plants. Green fodder yield of oats varied significantly under different treatments of fertilizer applications, row spacing and seed rate. Yield of any plant is determined by the photosynthetic efficiency, as well as accumulation of photosynthetic at the desired part in significant amount. Fertilizer doses effects the leaf area index, radiation interception, radiation use efficiency, dry matter accumulation and assimilation into reproductive organs, oil, carbohydrates and protein contents of the plant and its edible parts (Zahid et al., 2005). Effect of fertilizer on plant growth and development is significant, as it provides the basic nutrients needed to carry out various function of plant’s development. In this present investigation, effect of various doses of fertilizer (NPK) were found to have a significant effect on plant biomass of forage oat. Biomass related plant’s characteristics such as plant height, tillers per plant, leaf area, leaves per tiller and green fodder yield increases substantially as the level of fertilizer doses increases and maximum magnitude for green fodder yield and other related characters were observed at NPK of 75:50:00 kg/ha. Further increase in fertilizer doses resulted in a decrease in plant’s green biomass yield and other contributing parameters. Various researchers previously demonstrated a significant effect of nitrogen fertilization on oats plant. Zahid et al. (2005) noticed an increasing trend in oats plant average height with respect to increasing rate of fertilizer application. In present experiment, four different treatments of nitrogen and phosphorous were applied to assess the optimum dose of fertilizer for obtaining maximum green fodder biomass of fodder oats. As the level of fertilizer increases a significant increase in the biomass production of oats plants becomes evident till NPK dose of 75:50:00. Further increase in fertilizer application doses resulted in a decrease in green fodder yield and other green foliage contributing characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, tillers plant, leaf area. Application of optimum doses of fertilizer resulted in an improved performance of a cultivar for its physiological and metabolic activities, including photosynthesis, carbohydrates and proteins metabolism, which is a critical reducing factor for height oat plant biomass yield and quality. Hence, while adopting strategies for improving yield, application of optimum doses of fertilizers is the most essential way, which will results in high productivity and profitability of oats plant (Muhammad et al., 2 019; Y ousaf et a l., 2 021; G hareeb e t al., 2 022 ). Correlation between fertilizer doses and higher number of leaves may be attributed to contribution of Nitrogen in growth and development of oat plant. Similar finding of a linear correlation to an optimum level and then a decreasing trend in number of leaves of forage oat has been reported by Ahmed et al. (2011); Irfab et al. (2016). Results of present findings showed that forage yield and fertilizer application are linked to each other, however, application of fertilizer above the optimum doses can have detrimental effects on plant’s growth and development resulting in a reduction in forage yield of oats plant (Metwally et al., 2021; Jehangir et al., 2013; Khandaker and Islam, 1988). Application of fertilizer to boost green biomass yield has been studied in other crops like cotton (Ibrahim et al., 2022) ; sorghum (Yan et al., 2022) ; maize (Tanha, 2009) ; (Singh et al., 1989).

    Seed rate corresponds to planting density and is directly linked with higher germination percentage (Ayub et al., 2003). Higher seed rate produces dense crop stand and usually, increase in plant population produces increase plant yield. However, this trend is not always linear; in-fact increasing plant population from the optimum rate could result in a declined yield (Ju et al., 2022). In this experiment highest green fodder yield was observed at seed rate of 40 kg/ha, and subsequently declined at further increased seed rate if 45 kg/ha. The reason for this decrease in fodder yield at the highest seed rate treatment of 45 kg/ha would be a decrease in photosynthetic area due to increased planting density. Photosynthetic efficiency under high planting density decreases due to weak irradiance to the leaf because of shading and increased competition among pants for other resources such as water, nutrients etc. (Ma et al., 2014). Maximum utilization of available resources at optimum seed rate of 40 kg/ha due to less competition among oat plants resulted in enhanced manifestation of green fodder yield and contributing factors such as leaf area, number of leaves per tillers, tillers per plant and plant height. A highest green fodder yield of oat at planting density of 60 kg/ha. A similar trend of decrease in oats green fodder yield was recorded as the planting density increased from 60 kg/ha to 300 kg/ha (Ju et al., 2022). Increased light irradiance promotes inflorescence differentiation during tillering phase, which results in greater number of spikelet (and florets per inflorescence (Neugschwandtner and Kaul, 2014).

    Plant spacing optimization is a recent planting practice developed in conjunction with densification. In crops like maize, planting with narrow row pacing or alternating wide-narrow row spacing resulted in increased yield due to improvement in light interception and dry matter accumulation (Bernhard and Below, 2020). An improvement of 3 – 14% in yield of sorghum could be achieved by using narrow row spacing (Maiga, 2012). An increase in sorghum fodder yield was observed following wide-narrow row spacing strategy in various agro-ecological zones of China (Ibrahim et al., 2022). During present study the maximum output regarding green fodder yield in oats was achieved at row spacing of 30cm, while it decreases by further increase of row spacing to 45 cm. the reason for this green fodder yield fluctuation would be possibly due to increased light penetration at 30 cm spacing coupled with higher planting density. Further increase in row spacing to 45 cm coupled with more increase in planting density causes increase competition for light and other resources among plants. Moreover, an increase in row spacing will result in more exposure of soil to sunlight that would increase evaporation from soil surface and could cause periodic drought stress, therefore, resulting in a yield decline (Kugedera et al., 2022). In addition to these factors for increase fodder yield at optimum row spacing, plating oats at optimum row spacing of 30cm reduces canopy closure and increased canopy’s ventilation and light penetration and transmission; these changes also reduce the risk of pest and disease infestation during growing phases.

    CONCLUSION

    Generally, the economic yield of any crop commodity is the result of interaction between environment and genotypic response. In this study, a combination of three major factors, i.e., fertilizers, seed rate and row spacing including four different treatments of each major factor was studied interactively. During interaction studies, it was found that fertilizer application of 75:50:00 (NPK) kg/ha along-with seed rate of 40 kg/ha and seed density of 30 kg/ha was found to be optimum for obtaining the maximum green fodder yield of oats. However, these results further need to be validated and testified under various agro-ecological zones involving more number of oats varieties.

    Highlights of the experiment are:

    1. Higher seed rate turns into dense plant population, hence increased fodder yield per plant.

    2. Increased nitrogen level also corresponds to increased leaf area and number of leaves per unit area, thus contributing towards increased biomass of oat plants. However, Nitrogen level above 75 kg/ha cannot significantly increased the biomass contributing characters.

    3. Findings of this experiments must be validated in diverse climatic conditions for fine tuning the production technology of fodder oat.

    적 요

    1. 새로운 사료용 귀리 품종(PARC-Oat)에 대한 생산 기술 시험이 2021∼2023년 동안 빗물 조건 하에서 국립 농업 연구 센터(NARC)에서 수행되었습니다. 비료 투여량, 파종 밀도 (파종 비율)와 재식거리의 다양한 조건 하에 사료 생산량에 미 치는 영향을 연구하였습니다.

    2. 실험은 질소와 인산(N:P)의 4가지 비료 투여량(55:30, 65:40, 75:50 85:60), 4가지 파종량 밀도 (30kg/acre, 35kg/acre, 40kg/acre, 45kg/acre)와 4가지 재식거리 (15cm, 30cm, 45cm, 60cm)으로 구성되었습니다. 귀리의 수확량에 크게 영향을 미 칠 수 있는 매개변수, 즉 식물 높이(cm), 잎 면적(cm2), 면적당 잎 수를 기반으로 한 결과입니다.

    3. 녹비 생산량(t/ha)은 75:50:00(NPK) kg/ha의 비료 투여 량에서 최대 72.74 t/ha를 나타냈습니다.

    4. 40kg/ha의 파종률은 최적의 파종 밀도를 생성하고 최대 72.85t/ha의 생산량을 가져왔습니다.

    5. 30cm의 재식거리는 최대 74.30t/ha의 생산량을 얻을 수 있습니다.

    6. 이러한 결과는 귀리의 최대 바이오매스를 얻기 위해서는 비료 투여량 (75:50; N:P), 40kg/헥타르의 파종량, 30cm의 재 식거리를 선택해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    This s tudy w as f unded by t he K OPIA P roject ( 2 02 4- PAK-02, Development of Italian Ryegrass variety and expansion of new oat variety to establish village base seed enterprise through Farmer’s Participatory Approach in Pakistan) of the Rural Development Administration and carried out by the KOPIA Pakistan Center, in association with its counterpart organization, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC).

    Figure

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F1.gif

    Monthly average temperature and recorded during the growing period of oat at the experimental site of NARC during (a) 2021-22 and (b) 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F2.gif

    Effect of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Spacing on plant height (cm) of oat during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F3.gif

    Effect of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Spacing on Green fodder yield (t/ha) of oat during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F4.gif

    Effect of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Spacing on Tillers per plant of oat during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F5.gif

    Effect of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Spacing on leaf area (cm2) of oat during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    JKSIA-37-1-1_F6.gif

    Effect of four different treatments of i) Fertilizer, ii) Seed rate, iii) Spacing on Number of leaves per tiller of oat during 2021-22 & 2022-23.

    Table

    Mean values of five morphological characteristics of oat (Avena Sativa L.) recorded during 2021-22 and 2022-23. GFY: Green fodder yield (t/ha); TPP: Number of tiller per plant; PH: Plant height (cm); LA: Leaf area (cm²); LPT: Number of leaves per tiller.

    Analysis of Variance (Split plot design) results for five morphological characteristics of oat for 2021-22 and 2022-23. SOV: Source of variation; DF: Degree of freedom; GFY: Green fodder yield (t/ha); TPP: Number of tiller per plant; PH: Plant height (cm); LA: Leaf area (cm²); LPT: Number of leaves per tiller. ns: non-significant; *: significant; **: highly significant.

    Interaction effects of combined treatment effects on green fodder yield of oat during 2021-22.

    Interaction effects of combined treatment effects on green fodder yield of oat during 2022-23.

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